Technologies and the processes surrounding the extraction out of depleted wells
With extraction out of depleted wells more important than ever, this new and developing technology is literally changing drilling engineering for future generations. Never before published in book form, these cutting-edge technologies and the processes that surround them are explained in easy-to-understand language, complete with worked examples, problems and solutions. This volume is invaluable as a textbook for both the engineering student and the veteran engineer who needs to keep up with changing technology..
Table of Contents
Preface
Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1 The Why and Basic Principles of Managed Well-Bore Pressure
About This Chapter
1.1 Introduction to Managed Pressure Drilling and Some Definitions
1.2 History
1.2.1 Old Ideas Made New
1.2.2 New Ideas
1.3 Advantages and Methods of Managed Pressure Drilling
1.3.1 An Adaptive Process
1.3.2 Extending the Casing Points
1.3.3 Lost Circulation
1.3.4 Well Kicks
1.3.5 Differentially Stuck Drill Pipe
1.3.6 Deepwater Drilling
1.4 Basic Mathematical Ideas behind MPD
1.4.1 Bottom-Hole Pressure Calculations with Liquids
1.4.2 Expansion (or Compression) of a Gas Bubble with No Fluid Flow
1.4.3 Ideal Gas Law
1.4.4 Strong–White Equation
1.4.5 The Effect of Annular Pressure Loss on Bubble Size
1.5 Basic Well Control
1.5.1 Driller’s Method of Well Control
1.5.2 Wait and Weight Method of Well Control
1.5.3 Basic Well-Control Formulas
1.5.4 Lag Time—Choke to Bottom of the Hole or Choke to Standpipe
1.6 Pore Pressure
1.7 Overburden Pressure
1.8 Rock Mechanics
1.8.1 Fracture Pressure
1.8.2 Well-Bore Ballooning and the Leak-Off Test
Questions
References
Answers
Chapter 2 Situational Problems in MPD
About This Chapter
2.1 Introduction
2.2 ECD Manipulation—Pore Pressure and Fracture Pressure Convergence
2.2.1 Chokes
2.2.2 Pumps
2.2.3 Pipe Movement
2.2.4 “Ballooning”
2.2.5 Precision
2.2.6 Well Control
2.2.7 Lag Time
2.3 Total Lost Circulation
2.4 Deepwater Marine Drilling
2.4.1 The Problem in the Surface Hole
2.4.2 Excessive Casing Strings
2.4.3 U-Tube Effect in Riserless or Limited Riser Operations
2.4.4 Hydrostatic Control Valve
2.4.5 Annular Pressure Changes (ECD Problems)
2.4.6 Well-Bore Ballooning
2.4.7 Well Control
2.5 Connections and Trips
2.6 Annular Pressure Loss and Hydraulics
2.6.1 Equivalent Circulating Density
2.6.2 Historical Calculation of the ÄP in APL
2.6.3 Annular Pressure Loss Calculations
2.6.4 Hydraulics Equations
2.6.5 Annular Frictional Pressure Loss Calculation, ÄPa
2.7 The Effect of Pipe Movement
2.7.1 Pipe Movement Changes the Bottom-Hole Pressure
2.7.2 Estimating Pressure Surge and Swab
Questions
References
Answers
Chapter 3 Constant Bottom-Hole Pressure with Pressure as a Primary Control
About This Chapter
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Pressure Control
3.3 Constant-BHP Choke Systems
3.4 Operational Considerations
3.5 DAPC System Description
3.5.1 DAPC Choke Manifold
3.5.2 DAPC Back-Pressure Pump
3.5.3 Integrated Pressure Manager
3.5.4 Case Study
Questions
References
Answers
Chapter 4 MPD with Flow Measurement as the Primary Control
About This Chapter
4.1 Description of the Process
4.2 Special Drilling Equipment
4.2.1 Circulation Path
4.2.2 Rotating Control Device
4.2.3 Drilling Manifold
4.3 Real-Time Data Acquisition and Control
4.4 Drilling Applications
4.4.1 Standard Approach
4.4.2 Special Systems Approach
4.5 Case Histories
Questions
References
Answers
Chapter 5 Continuous Circulation System
About This Chapter
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The System
5.3 Development
5.4 Control System
5.5 Applications
5.6 Operation
5.7 Well Planning
5.8 Records and Reporting
5.9 Case History
5.10 Safety
Questions
References
Answers
Chapter 6 A Simplified Approach to MPD
About This Chapter
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Discussion
6.3 A Simplified Approach
6.4 Implementation
6.5 Conclusion
Questions
References
Answers
Chapter 7 Mud Cap Drilling
About This Chapter
7.1 History of Mud Cap Drilling
7.2 Pressurized Mud Cap
7.3 Floating Mud Cap
7.4 Mud Cap Operation
7.4.1 Mud Cap Drilling
7.4.2 Mud Cap Tripping
7.5 Pressurized Mud Cap Operation
7.5.1 Pressurized Mud Cap Drilling
7.5.2 Pressurized Mud Cap Tripping
7.6 Conclusion
Questions
References
Answers
Chapter 8 Dual-Gradient Drilling
About This Chapter
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Problems Associated with Conventional Riser Systems in Deep Water
8.3 AGR Riserless Mud Return System
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Primary Uses
8.3.3 Equipment
8.3.4 Operation
8.3.5 Critical Issues
8.3.6 Summary
8.4 AGR Dual-Gradient System
8.4.1 Introduction
8.4.2 Primary Uses
8.4.3 Equipment
8.4.4 Operation
8.4.5 Critical Issues
8.4.6 Summary
8.5 Subsea Mud-Lift Drilling System (Joint Industry Project)
8.5.1 SMD Equipment
8.5.2 The U-Tube Phenomenon with DGD
8.6 Dual-Gradient Well Control
8.6.1 Recording Prekick Information
8.6.2 Kick Detection
8.6.3 Dynamic Shut-in of the DGD System
8.6.4 Kick Circulation
8.7 Additional Comments
8.8 Examples
Questions
References
Answers
Chapter 9 Equipment Common to MPD Operations
About This Chapter
9.1 Rotating Control Devices and Rotating Annular Preventers
9.1.1 Rotating Control Devices (Passive Systems)
9.1.2 Rotating Annular Preventors (Active Systems)
9.1.3 Comments on the Use of Active or Passive Systems
9.1.4 Rotating Control Devices on Risers
9.2 Chokes
9.2.1 Power Choke
9.2.2 Swaco Super Choke
9.2.3 Swaco Auto Super Choke
9.3 Drill-Pipe Nonreturn Valves
9.3.1 Basic Piston-Type Float
9.3.2 Hydrostatic Control Valve
9.3.3 Inside BOP (Pump-Down Check Valve)
9.3.4 Retrievable NRV or Check Valve (Weatherford)
9.4 Down-Hole Annular Valves
9.4.1 Casing Isolation Valve
9.4.2 Drilling Down-Hole Deployment Valve
9.4.3 Quick Trip Valve
9.5 ECD Reduction Tool
9.5.1 Unique Considerations
9.5.2 Advantages
9.5.3 Challenges
9.5.4 Description
9.6 Coriolis Flowmeter
9.7 Disc Pump (Friction Pump)
Questions
References
Answers
Chapter 10 MPD Candidate Selection
About This Chapter
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Candidate Selection and Feasibility Study
10.3 What Is MPD Candidate Selection?
10.4 Steps Involved in Candidate Selection
10.4.1 Purpose of the Study
10.4.2 Procurement of Information
10.4.3 Hydraulic Analysis
10.4.4 Method Selection
10.4.5 Viability of the Option
10.4.6 Equipment
10.4.7 HAZOP and HAZID (Optional)
10.5 Examples
10.5.1 CBHP
10.5.2 Dual-Gradient SMD
Questions
Answers
Appendix A Rock Mechanics
A.1 Stress and Strain (Elastic and Nonelastic Deformation)
A.2 Horizontal and Vertical Rock Stress
Appendix B Rheology
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Shear Stress and Shear Rate
B.3 Newtonian Model
B.4 Non-Newtonian Model
B.4.1 Bingham Plastic Model
B.4.2 Power Law Model
B.4.3 API (Recommended Practice 13D, 2003) Model
B.4.4 Herschel–Bulkley Model
References
Appendix C Useful Conversion Factors
Appendix D IADC Well Classification System for Underbalanced Operations and Managed Pressure Drilling
Appendix E IADC Underbalanced and Managed Pressure Drilling Guidelines—HSE Planning Guidelines
Appendix F IADC UB and MPD Glossary
Index
Author Biography
Bill Rehm, the principal author for Managed Pressure Drilling, is a drilling consultant in and the author of Practical Underbalanced Drilling and Workover. He has some 30 years of experience in underbalanced drilling, starting with some of the early foam drilling on the AEC site in Nevada and foam workover in California, up though experiences in Canada and present-day operations with gaseated fluids in such diverse areas as the Austin Chalk, Illinois, and California. In his broad experience, he was an early contributor to well-control technology and chief engineer for a service company when drilling chokes were first being introduced as a method of controlling well pressure. As general manager of a directional drilling company, in the early days of learning in the Austin Chalk, he participated in the development of many of the ideas that lead to today’s underbalanced and managed pressure drilling. At present, he is active as a consultant in coal-bed methane and is actively engaged in corrosion control and foam workover in Wyoming. He holds several patents and has written more than 50 publications on the subjects of well pressures, well control, horizontal drilling, and underbalance drilling. He can be reached at rehm@earthlink.net.
Jerome J. Schubert has a BS (1978), MEng (1995), and PhD (1999) all in Petroleum Engineering from Texas A&M University and is currently an assistant professor and Larry Cress Faculty Fellow in the Harold Vance Department of Petroleum Engineering at Texas A&M University. Schubert has worked as a drilling engineer for over eight years with Pennzoil Company and Enron Oil and Gas, over four years as a well-control instructor with the University of Houston/Victoria Petroleum Training Institute, and as a faculty member at Texas A&M University since 1994. At Texas A&M University, he is involved in teaching graduate and undergraduate drilling courses. Related research activities with which Schubert has been involved include kick detection, well-kill procedures, shallow water flows, underbalanced drilling, managed pressure drilling, evaluation of the conductor casing setting depth in shallow water, risk assessment of surface BOPs and high pressure risers on MODUS in the Gulf of Mexico, and development of well-control procedures for the dual-gradient Drilling. He also serves on the IADC Training and Well Control Committees and the IADC WellCAP Review Panel. Schubert is a member of Pi Epsilon Tau and Sigma Xi and was on the Subsea Mudlift JIP Well Control Team. He is author or coauthor of over 30 conference and journal papers as well as the holder of three dual-gradient drilling patents.
Arash Haghshenas is a PhD candidate at Texas A&M University. He holds a BS degree from Petroleum University of Technology in Iran and MS degree from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in Petroleum Engineering. Currently, he is involved in managed pressure drilling, underbalanced drilling, and well control projects at Texas A&M University. He also is member of the IADC Book Publishing Committee.
Amir Saman Paknejad is a PhD candidate at Texas A&M University.
He holds a BS degree from the Petroleum University of Technology in Iran and an MS degree from the Texas A&M University in Petroleum Engineering. Currently, he is involved in managed pressure drilling, underbalanced drilling, and well-control projects at Texas A&M University. He also is member of the IADC Book Publishing Committee.
Jim Hughes has 28 years’ experience in all phases of the upstream oil and gas business. His first 9 years were devoted to drilling and production operations, prospect generation, and acquisitions under the tutelage of David K. Davies, his first employer and mentor, who taught him extensive completion design practice using formation damage prevention techniques. Over the next 10 years, Hughes developed and utilized short radius, multilateral underbalanced horizontal drilling (UBHD) technology as a primary completion and recompletion method to improve productivity. After several years of research and development and purchase of his own drilling rig, in 1991, Hughes, using an air hammer, drilled the first horizontal lateral well from a short-radius (25-ft) curve. Over the next 3 years, he spent most of his time evaluating reservoirs for the recovery of
bypassed reserves, using UBHD technology as a completion technique. During this time, he was in Oman as part of the first independent technical team invited to recommend well construction methods and evaluate indigenous oilfields for redevelopment, using UBHD technology as a completion technique. Hughes has devoted most of the last 10 years to patenting new technologies related to UBHD, including a new short-radius self-steering bottom-hole assembly, an artificial lift-while-drilling process for managed pressure drilling, and smart drill pipe. He currently holds 12 patents related to UBHD. He is a graduate of the University of Missouri with a BS degree in Geology.
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